Vision Chips or Seeing Silicon

Alireza Moini

The Centre for High Performance Integrated Technologies and Systems
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
The Univ. of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
Tel: +61 8 8303 3403, Fax: +61 8 8303 4360
email: moini@eleceng.adelaide.edu.au
WWW: http://www.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/Personal/moini/

March 1997

• Contents
• Introduction
  • Smart sensors
  • Advantages and disadvantages of vision chips
  • Challenges
  • Technology
    • CMOS
    • BiCMOS
    • CCD and CMOS/CCD
    • GaAs MESFET and HEMT
  • Major groups working on vision chips
  • How vision chips are presented in this report
• Spatial Image Processing Vision Chips
  • Introduction
  • Mahowald and Mead's silicon retina
  • Mead's adaptive retina
  • Mahowald and Delbrück's stereo matching chips
  • Bernard et al.'s Boolean artificial retina
  • Andreou and Boahen's silicon retina
  • Kobayashi et al.'s image Gaussian filter
  • PASIC sensor from Linköping University
  • MAPP2200 sensor from IVP
  • Forchheimer-Åström's NSIP sensor
  • Sandini et al.'s foveated CCD chip
  • IMEC-IBIDEM's foveated CMOS chip
  • Wodnicki et al.'s foveated CMOS sensor
  • Standley's orientation detection chip
  • Harris et al.'s Resistive Fuse Vision Chip
  • DeWeerth's Localization and Centroid Computation Chip
  • Ward & Syrzycki's Receptive Field Sensors
  • Wu & Chiu's 2D Silicon Retina
  • Nilson et al.'s Shunting Inhibition Vision Chip
  • Keast & Sodini's CCD/CMOS Imager and Processor
  • Mitsubishi Electric's CMOS Artificial Retina with VSP
  • Venier et al.'s Solar Illumination Monitoring Chip
• Spatio-Temporal Image Processing Vision Chips
  • Introduction
  • Lyon's eye
  • Tanner and Mead's correlating motion detection chip
  • Tanner and Mead's optic flow motion detection chip
  • Moore and Koch's multiplicative motion detector
  • Bair and Koch's motion detection chip
  • Delbrück's focusing chip
  • Delbrück's velocity tuned motion sensor
  • Meitzler et al.'s sampled-data motion chip
  • Moini et al.'s insect vision-based motion detection chip
  • Moini et al.'s second insect vision-based motion detection chip
  • Dron's multi-scale veto CCD motion sensor
  • Horiuchi et al.'s delay line-based motion detection chip
  • Chong et al.'s change detector
  • Gottardi and Yang's CCD/CMOS motion sensor
  • Kramer et al.'s velocity sensor
  • Indiveri et al.'s time-to-crash sensor
  • Indiveri et al.'s direction-of-heading detector
  • McQuirk's CCD focus of expansion estimation chip
  • Gruss et al.'s range finder
  • Sarpeshkar et al.'s pulse mode motion detector
  • Meitzler et al.'s 2D position and motion detection chip
  • Aizawa et al.'s Image Sensor with Compression
  • Hamamoto et al.'s Image Sensor With Motion Adaptive Storage Time
  • Simoni et al.'s Optical Sensor and Analog Memory Chip with Change Detection
  • Espejo et al.'s Smart Pixel CNN
  • Moini et al.'s Shunting Inhibition Vision Chip
  • Etienne-Cummings et al.'s Motion Detector Chip
  • CSEM's Motion Detector Chip for Pointing Devices
• Analog VLSI Chips for Vision Processing
  • Introduction
  • Hakkaranien & Lee's AVD CCD Chip for Stereo Vision
  • Erten's CMOS Chip for Stereo Correspondence
• Optical Neuro Chips
  • Mitsubishi Electric's Optical neurochip and retina
  • Yu et al.'s optical neurochip
• Active Pixel Sensors
  • Introduction
  • JPL's active pixel sensors
  • Technion's Adaptive Sensitivity CCD Imager
  • Technion's TDI CCD sensor
  • Fowler et al.'s pixel level ADC sensor
• Designing Vision Chips: Principles and Building Blocks
  • Introduction
  • Phototransduction, the Doorway to Vision Chips
    • Photodetector Elements
    • Quantum Efficiency of a Vertical Junction Diode
    • Quantum Efficiency of a Lateral Junction Diode
    • Quantum Efficiency of a Vertical Bipolar transistor
    • Quantum Efficiency of a Lateral Bipolar Photodetector
    • Mixed structures
    • Quantum Efficiency of a Photogate
    • The Effect of Scaling on Photodetecting Elements
    • Mismatch in Photodetecting Elements
  • Photocircuits
    • Logarithmic Sensor Using MOS Diodes
    • Photocircuit with Buffer-like Pull-up
    • Photocircuit with Amplifier-like Pull-up
    • Buffered Logarithmic Photocircuit
    • Delbrück's Adaptive Photocircuit.
    • Cascoded Photocircuits
    • Current Amplifier Photocircuit
    • Integration Based Photocircuits
  • Circuits and techniques for active pixel sensors
    • Photocircuits in active pixel sensors
    • Correlated double sampling
  • Spatial Processing
    • Linear Resistive networks
    • Smoothing networks
    • Nonlinear Resistive networks
    • Resistive Circuits
    • CCD Circuits for Spatial Processing
  • Spatio-Temporal Processing
    • Analog Memory Elements
    • Continuous Delay Elements
  • Adaptation
    • Light Adaptive Photodetectors
    • Light Adaptive Photocircuits
    • Light Adaptive Architectures
    • Spatial Adaptation Models
  • Practical issues in designing vision chips
    • Mismatch
    • Digital noise
  • Testing vision chips
    • Design for Testing
    • Tests and Measurements
    • Test conditions
    • Steady-state tests
    • Spatio-temporal tests
• Other resources
• About this report
• References